Workplace At Unionized And Non -unionized Workplace Essay

Introduction When we take a look into the organizational environment, two aspects come into play one being the union workplace and the other non-union workplace. Unionized workplace is that where the union negotiates with the employers for an agreement and makes a point that the agreement is followed out. In this agreement,the union talks about its wages, benefits and how their working environment will be. Whereas in a non- unionized workplace, the employer holds the right to make decision for the employees.This paper discusses the differences in the organizational environment of the unionized and non -unionized workplace. Difference in environments of union and non-union workplace With globalization,many changes have been brought up in the workplaces that are leading towards more flexibility and enrollment of the employees (Tong Fay and Anil Verma,2002). â€Å"According to a survey -unionized workers across Canada earned$5- 28/hour more than non-union workers; Women with unions earned more too and got paid more fairly (Why unions? ,2015)†. Thus ,it gives us an idea what changes are being brought about by the unions in comparison to non-union when it comes to the wage sector. The union workplaces give a chance to the members to bargain for their benefits which includes not only social well being but also the say,the right to speak up about their own views therefore giving them the chance to talk about their problems. The union have been progressed to give a fair wageShow MoreRelatedUnion vs Non-Union1321 Words   |  6 PagesUnionized and non-unionized organizations are quite different in how they regulate pay increases for employees. In 2-4 pages expla in each one s strengths and weaknesses. What impact do unions have on the workplace and do you think union membership is going to increase or decrease over the next few years? Unionized organizations:- Union is a group of workers who have come together to make collective decisions about their work and their working conditions. Unions work based on the idea that groupRead MoreLabor Is Beneficial For The Society Or Not?770 Words   |  4 Pagesunion is beneficial for the society or not. There have both advantages and disadvantages for employee and employer in unionized and non-unionized workplace. Also, in the future, union has to try to be more creative to adapt the changing workforce. As employees, union can be beneficial for their communication, productivity, and management. First of all, working in a unionized workplace can protect workers’ benefit because union enhance morale for employee to talk with employers. If workers are not satisfiedRead MoreBenefits Of Unionization For Unionized Workers Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesAdvantages to the Organization for Unionized Unionization offers employees a method for countering employers’ powers to unilaterally change employment conditions. Members elect officers and may hire agents to bargain an employment contract with the owners’ manager. Unionization introduces democracy into the employment relationship. Employees determine, first, whether a majority desires to be represented; second, whom to elect as leaders or hire as agents; third, what workplace issues are most important toRead MoreThe Impact of Labor Relations and Unions1685 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The impact of unions exceeds the direct benefits enjoyed by member workers. Changes brought about in the workplace through the influence of labor unions have been substantial and far-reaching. Labor unions have effected the perceptions of members of societies with regard to fair wages and total compensation, fringe benefits, workplace safety and protections, and acceptable parameters for workers with regard to age, gender, race, and nation of origin (Mishel Walters, 2003). RegardlessRead MoreHospital Union vs. Non Union795 Words   |  4 PagesMary Greeley Medical Center in Ames, Iowa is a unionized hospital, while Iowa Lutheran Hospital in Des Moines is a non-union facility. Both facilities strive to give its patients excellent care but the working conditions vary somewhat due to the difference between a union and non-union facility. From Mary Greeley’s I interviewed Mrs. Lorna Hamilton, the Emergency/Security Management Coordinator and from the Iowa Lutheran Hospital I interviewed Mr. Jeffrey L. Bebensee, the Security Manager. BothRead MoreWhy Texas Race Racial Discrimination Is Because Of The Size Of Its Population Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesclass-based parties. Lastly, built a plantation-centered agricultural system the traditionalistic view was brought to the United States by people who settled the southern colonies (Elazar, 2000). 3.7.3 Texas Unionized Workers In 2014, the percentage of wages and salary workers who are unionized in Texas account for only 4.8 percent of total employment compared to New York 24.6 percent. Texas with more wages and salary workers of 11,205, only has 543 union members in 2014. On the other hand, New YorkRead MoreUnion Management Relations15863 Words   |  64 Pagesexamining what unions do to managerial practice in the workplace. Unions can be an instrument of social change but even when they play a larger role in society, their core activity remains focused at the workplace. Their principal engagement is with management though their actions may extend to lobbying, politics, and the community at both local and international levels. Therefore, in any consideration of the question, what do unions do to the workplace, it is important to examine the impact of unionsRead MoreThe Future Of The Labor Union1274 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted in the 1800s when Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton continually worked for the equality of women in the workplace. Union formation still has not been easy even today. Over the past decade, the labor union has played a reflective role while helping reshape America. However, the influence of unions has polished and diminished during a long struggle for power within the workplace. The labor union movement has always been risky due to the attitude toward organized labor. After taking a briefRead MoreThe Constitutional Law Of The Canadian Charter Of Rights1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprotection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age and mental or physical disability†. It is important when recruiting for any workplace you are not discriminating in recruitment and selectio n process in any way. 2. Human Rights Legislation: This legislation forbids discrimination in both employment and the â€Å"provision of goods and services† across Canada. Section 8 of the CanadianRead MoreDo Unions Provide A Benefit For Academic Libraries?900 Words   |  4 Pagesto express dissatisfaction with aspects of their jobs) may make workers more aware of what is wrong with the employer; and that unionized jobs are inherently unpleasant, making higher union wages a compensating differential; both of which lead to the diminishment of job satisfaction. The goal of this study was to compare the job satisfaction of unionized and non-unionized professional librarians working in academic research institutions. The investigation’s hypotheses examined if there was a significant

Epigenetic Research - 756 Words

The penchant for analytical thinking and the scientific system was prevalent in my upbringing, a by-product of being born to two scientists. Therefore, when I began working on epigenetic research on Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) at Saint Louis University, I felt comfortable around the slow, systematic approach studded with jargon heavy language. I was excited to experience molecular biology, to work in the same kind of labs I’d visited as a child. When I applied to the job, FSHD was words linked to the epigenetic status of the D4Z4 sequence. In other words an abstract concept. That was the extent of my understanding until I met a 13 year old FSHD patient. If epigenetic changes are the result of environmental factors or†¦show more content†¦Volunteering at the HRC gave me the opportunity to interact with patients from varied socioeconomic, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. Every weekend I grew more comfortable navigating the diverse waiting room, wh ether by using my polylingual background to learn key words of Spanish, Arabic, Russian, or Mandarin, or seeing how far a smile and eye contact could go. Years of involuntary practice as the â€Å"agony aunt† for my friends prepared me as an empathetic listener, a skill I employed to ensure the clinic’s visitors received the most comprehensive care. One incident stands out in my memory. Hep A vaccine, I assisted the patient with the phone, I noticed his eyes glazing over between pressing each digit on the phone. Within seconds I would have to wake him and repeat our conversation. That five-minute interaction with him made it clear that the man was far beyond the simple sleep-deprivation he believed it to be. The physician I brought in determined that the man probably suffered from narcolepsy, and I worked to connect him to the appropriate groups and for transportation. It struck me that the man had gone through the entire clinic, received a vaccine, and no one had been able to interact with him long enough in the frenzy of a weekend clinic. He showed me that while medicine did rely on exciting equipment and sophisticated techniques, sometimes a friendly conversation was enough to start making the difference in one man’s health. That direct interaction withShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Epigenetics And Genetics, Research Of Epigenetics, And Diseases Associated With Epigenetics Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Epigenetics The research of epigenetics has evolved from the twentieth century from two scientists including Conrad H. Waddington and Ernst Hadorn who combined genetics and biology. There was an interest in this study in the 1990s. Research has evolved trying to figure out the changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms. This field is growing as researchers are unraveling environmental and lifestyle influences on genes (Epigenetics, n.d.). This paper will discuss differences in epigenetics and geneticsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Technician At The Center For Epigenetic Research927 Words   |  4 Pagesyou earned your baccalaureate degree prior to this past June, please indicate your plans for the upcoming academic year. I have been working as a research technician at the Center for Epigenetic Research at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center since last June and will continue to do so for the upcoming year. My research involves examining the epigenetic changes that occur in cancer progression. Using techniques such as Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Assays for Transposase Accessible follow byRead MoreEssay about What is Epigenetics and How Can It Effect Me?772 Words   |  4 PagesBefore conducting research and watching numerous informational videos on epigenetics, I would have never believed that when my grandmother was my age, she made dietary decisions that have affected me. Technically speaking, epigenetics simply means above genetics. In other words, epigenetics is the traits that you and I inherit, but do not necessarily necessitate the sequence of genes. I took me a while to actually grasp the concept until I thought of it from a musical perspective. Imagine our DNARead MoreIntroduction:. Epigenetics Studies The Biological Information1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Epigenetics studies the biological information that can be inherited in addition to the DNA, through biochemical changes such as methylation and histone modifications that can affect gene expression and lead to a particular phenotype [9]. Epigenetic plasticity can be influenced by internal and external factors, such as the in utero environment of early development [9]. The intrauterine environment can have short and long term effects on the health and future disease state of offspringRead MoreThe Theory Of Maternal Age And Its Influence On The Risk Of Autism Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to reduce the number of children affected by this disorder, we need to first understand what causes it. Researchers have been working diligently over the years, but the exact mechanism of what causes autism is still unknown. The extensive research has been able to rule out factors that do not contribute to autism and has made advancements in possible causative factors. As of right now, it appears that the source is possibly multi-factorial, just like the disorder. Theories that are believedRead MoreBiochemical Approaches On The Import Of Genetics Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesSociogenomics: Biochemical Approaches to Study the Import of Genetics in Social Behaviours Literature Review Sociogenomics is a relatively new research area that isn t very well understood. Scholarly articles (e.g., Roberts Jackson, 2008) describe it as a field that explores the following: the identification of genes that influence social behavior, the understanding of the influence of these genes on underlying neural and endocrine mechanisms, and understanding the effects of the environment,Read MoreSocioeconomic Status and Health Issues1380 Words   |  5 Pagesprevalence of poverty within many countries in the world. Recent studies have investigated the possible effects on the biological mechanisms by examining the differences in epigenetic patterns between individuals with variability in socioeconomic status. Although there have been limited studies conducted on this area, research has determined that the status of socioeconomic often has a significant impact on methylation, with an increase or decrease in certain sections of the genome depending on theRead MoreWhat ´s Epigenetic La ndscape?943 Words   |  4 Pagesit can do for us but, thanks to the works of Dr. Conrad H. Waddington â€Å"Epigenetic Landscape† 1939, which was followed up and expanded on by Dr. Adrian Bird and Danny Reinberg (1975~) we know that it does exist and it has far reaching implications for future development in medical research and biological development fields. ï‚ § Risk assessment ï‚ § Prevention ï‚ § Progression analysis ï‚ § Prognosis and biomarker development Epigenetics ~ is the term coined to explain a variety of â€Å"bizarre† phenotypic phenomenaRead MoreBehavioral Epigenetics : Biological Heredity And Nurture1428 Words   |  6 Pagesothers do not? Behavioral epigenetics examines how nurture shapes nature, where nature refers to biological heredity and nurture refers to everything that occurs during the animal s lifespan. Epigenetics is the study of alterations in an organism caused by modifications of gene expressions instead of alterations of the genetic code itself. Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study, which analyzes the role epigenetics have in shaping human or animal behavior. Epigenetics works by wrapping DNA aroundRead MoreThree Main Pathways Of Epigenetic Modification1783 Words   |  8 PagesEpigenetic Modifications in Cancer Scientists have known for several decades that cancer may be caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations may result from exposure to certain substances (e.g. radiation, benzene) or they may occur spontaneously in the process of cell division, especially in the context of aging. Recently, researchers have discovered another level of inherited cellular information separate from the genes themselves. Epigenetics is the study of modifications to genes

Profitable Ratio Analysis of Thorntons Plc Free Essays

Profitablity Ratio Analysis This analysis ratio based on FAME report and annual report of Thortons (PLC) from 2007 to 2010. 1. Gross Profit Margin During period 2007-2010, Thorntons was achieved the highest gross profit margin in 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Profitable Ratio Analysis of Thorntons Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was increased the sales/revenue 5. 3% (from ? 176. 60m to 186. 00 m). In 2008 the sales was increased 11. 9% (from ? 186. 00m to 208. 12 m) however the gross profit margin was decreased due to the high cost of good sales compare to previous year which was increased 19. 7%. In financial report 2009, the gross profit was declined from 105. 05 m to 104. 969m and declined of gross profit margin from 50. 5% to 48. 87$. In 2010, there was increased in gross profit margin though the sales was decreased from the previous year. In terms of performance against its competitors in similar industry, the performance of Thortons is relatively higher during period 2007-2010 (Figure. 1). The performance of other competitors, Dunhills, only could achieve the 42. 16% in 2010. Compare to its competitors , it was indicated that Thorntons has high gross profit margin, meaning that Thortons has high production efficiency. Having High gross profit margin, Thorntons could pay its operating expense, tax , employee benefits etc. 2. Operating Profit Margin In view of its Operating Profit Margin, Thorntons performance was increased in two consecutive years from 2007 to 2008 with ratio 3. 81 % and 4. 03%. This increase in operating margin was followed by declining in two consecutive years 2009 and 2010 with ratio 3. 77% and 2. 86%. These declined of operating profit margin due to increased in the expenses, especially in employee benefit and inventories expenses which continuously rose from 2007 to 2010. In addition the strategy of company to introduce many new products, increased our multi-channel offer and invested significant sums in new point of sale systems and factory automation has increased the cost. Furthermore the economic downturn from 2009-2010 was pressured the company to achieve better income. Compare to the Thorntons’s competitors, the performance of operating margin is less than Dunhills which achieved operating margin average in four years 16. 8% far above Thorntons and Farrero. The decreased of operating margin was happened with Cadbury which fall from 2007-2008. . RETURN ON SHAREHOLDER FUND (ROSF) ROSF measures the profit against total equity invests by share holder. In this regard, the calculation of profit is using profit before tax while other calculation, using profit after tax. Thorntons has stability performance in the middle range to returning the shareholder funds from 2007 up to 2009 compare to its competitors. However the ROSF was decreased in 2010 due to decrease in profit before tax 2. 4% from 2009 to 2010. On the otherhand, Thorntons still achieved Basic earnings per share which increased by 20. % to 6. 5p (2009: 5. 4p) and its Board was recommended a final dividend of 4. 10p (2009: 4. 85p), making the total dividend for the year 6. 05p (2009: 6. 0) Compare to its competitors, the ratio of ROSF of Thorntons is in the middle level and relatively stable. The company generated profit in continuously 4 years with high level achieved in 2009 with profit attributable to share holder ? 6. 068 m. Cadbury was slump down in 2008 but it was achieved the high ROSF in 2009 almost 90% of other competitors with profit attributable to share holder ? 68. 55 m . 4. RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED(ROCE) Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) is measured the operating profit generated against the long term capital in the business. ROCE ratio of Thorntons was increased from 2007 to 2008, and decreased from 2008 to 2010. Though Thorntons has successfully reduced the Net debt since 2008 to 2010 , however the low achievement is influenced by decreasing in operating profit from 2008 to 2010. Compare to its competitors, the ROCE ratio of Thorntons was in the middle achievement lower than Cadbury in 2009 to 2010. Cadbury was in the negative ROCE in 2008. Dunhills has relatively constant in its ROCE ratio and close to Thorntons in ROCE ratio. If it is further reviewed both Thorntons and Dunhill has very close in average operating profit during period 2007-2010. RECOMENDATION Considering evaluation and analysis of profitability ratios of Thorntons during period 2007-2010 and compare its performance against the competitors in its industry , the following is list of recommendation that could be considered by Thorntons: 1. Since the Revenue (sales) over the years is relatively flat and higher compare to its competitor, it is recommended to reduced the cost of good sales to increase the gross profit by identifying the possibility to reduce the cost from its supply chain operations from procuring raw materials, reducing number of inventories, optimization in line production and goods stock, reviewing the networks selling and model of distribution. It is indicated and might be high opportunity to gain sales revenue by putting right model of contract sales to anticipate the seasonal conditions. 2. To increase the Operating profit, it is recommended that Thortons to reduce the administration expenses or divested especially in outlet which is indicated unprofitable and focus on the optimum selling and distribution model. 3. Increase revenue by continuously develop new innovative product to generate differentiation from its competitors and maintain the domination of market share. Reference: FAME Report http://investors. thorntons. co. uk/download/pdf/annual_report_Final_sep_2010. pdf http://investors. thorntons. co. uk/download/pdf/ar09. pdf http://investors. thorntons. co. uk/download/pdf/Thorntons_AR2008. pdf http://investors. thorntons. co. uk/download/pdf/Thorntons_AR07. pdf How to cite Profitable Ratio Analysis of Thorntons Plc, Essay examples

English Language & Linguistics Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Outline the Advantages and Disadvantages of Making English the Single Language for Business in INDIA. Provide Specific Examples to make your Case. Answer: Introduction India should adopt English as the single language for business. This is because, over the recent past, many multinational companies have turned to the English language as their business language. They have mandated it as the common corporate language with an aim to facilitate communication and major performances across many countries where their product reaches. The diverse functions of multinational companies like Coca-cola, Microsoft, Technology companies like the Nokia, Samsung, and Technicolor has all been addressed by the English language (Rogerson-Revell, 2014, p.137). It might have some of the major reason as to why these companies have chosen to do this for their business. The essay will be looking at the reasons, advantages, and disadvantages of making English the single language for companies in India. Advantages India should adopt English as the single language for business. English has the most number of speakers in the globe with 335 million speakers which are approximately 25% of the total population. Being that many World speakers use English language, India should not be left behind. The reason is that India runs many Multi-national companies. Some like, Nestle, Procter and Gamble, Nokia company. All these companies were founded from different countries. For example, Nokia company was founded at Tampere, the Grand Duchy of Finland and then it spread to other nations (Melitz, 2016, p.583). For this reason, if a company uses the language of its founders all through, it might not be able to extend its services to other peoples who speaks a different language. Therefore, India should make English the language of business to its premises and the overall multinational companies. English is also the official language of India. According to Devanagari, the Indian government has adopted Hindi and then English for the state matters. It means that it has a higher status than many other Indian native languages. Consider the case where the Indians have more than one languages. Some parts of India, for instance, Dravidian-speaking states like the Maharashtra, Punjab and others like West Bengal who use words that are not related to Hindi. It means that, for them to have a common business term within India and also with other states, they need to have unity regarding selecting a business language. The Multinational companies wont work for Indians if the Indian population is not well trained in English language (Luo Shenkar, 2017, p.59). India should adopt English as the single language for business because, the competitive pressure in business is another reason that should make the India adopt English as the only language of business. Failing to diversify the language system of the company, leads to limiting the growth and expansion of the firm opportunities. If India, for this case, does not have a language that other enterprises like Japanese and Chinese companies are adopting, it means that they will be left behind in the International business field. Disadvantages There is also a downside of adopting English as the only business language in India. Many people, especially the consumers, are used to local Hindi language. Selecting a single and foreign language like English which is associated with colonialism is not so much friendly to the Indians. Again, a transition is not easy because the people are not ready for change as it can be recalled that India wanted to even do away with English in the last century though it did not succeed. Having a single business language, that is English, may lead to a drop of performance in many multinational companies from the employee drawbacks (Azam, Chin, Prakash, 2013, p.335). Conclusion In Conclusion, India should adopt English as the single language for business for the reason that, language plays a pivotal role in any business premise. It can lead to the expansion of a company, stagnation or retrogression. India can be in a position to expand its internal business companies by learning English and adopting it as the only business language and also developing the multinational corporations. It would take India a step forward on business development and expand its territories in procuring external business relations. References Melitz, J. (2016). English as a global language. In The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language (pp. 583-615). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Azam, M., Chin, A., Prakash, N. (2013). The returns to English-language skills in India. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 61(2), 335-367. Luo, Y., Shenkar, O. (2017). The Multinational Corporation as a Multilingual Community: Language and Organization in a Global Context. In Language in International Business (pp. 59-92). Springer International Publishing. Rogerson-Revell, P. (2014). Pronunciation matters: Using English for international business communication. Pronunciation Matters Accents of English in the Netherlands and Elsewhere, 137.

Police public relationship in Bangladesh free essay sample

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of published research on the public image of the police. The report covers three types of police images: general perceptions of the police as an organization or institution, perceptions of police outcomes, and perceptions of police processes. The report considers research that reflects on improving the image of police. It summarizes the findings and discusses the implications for future research. Methodology Two types of reviews were conducted: a review of published research and a review of archived data sets pertaining to the image of the police held by the public. A comprehensive search of social science research literature was conducted to obtain a base for the literature review. We attempted to obtain all of the publications drawing on national surveys of police. We were selective in drawing upon surveys relevant to specific police agencies, using these where national surveys did not provide insights to important questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Police public relationship in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A thorough search of publicly available archives of national and major international surveys of the police image was also conducted. Surveys of samples drawn on a state, county, or municipality were not considered unless they offered some valuable insights to broader questions about the police image. Where available we obtained copies of the survey instruments  (or those parts relevant to the police image) and basic characteristics of the sample. From this information we prepared a catalog that will allow IACP to view the entire scope of existing survey data on the police image that are already available. This catalog is provided separately in a form that is electronically accessible. Selected data from these surveys are presented in Exhibits in this report. Major Findings and Recommendations The public image of the police is complex. It has many aspects, grouped under three general categories: overall image, perceptions of police outcomes, and perceptions of police processes. There are different ways to measure each aspect. Findings can vary considerably according to which aspect is measured and how each is measured. Polls of the adult population in the United States since the 1960s show that the majority of the public has an over-all positive view of the police. Depending on the year and the particular measure used, the percentage of respondents with a positive assessment of police has been between 51 and 81 percent. When asked to assess service to their own neighborhoods, respondents tend to produce even higher evaluations. Relatively few citizens offer a negative assessment of police. The police consistently rank among the institutions and occupations in which the public expresses the highest confidence and trust. Most citizens are satisfied with police service in their own neighborhood, and this level of satisfaction appears to vary little from one urban jurisdiction to another. Cross-jurisdiction research on this topic is limited to a small number of jurisdictions, however. Citizens’ experiences with the police affect their over all assessment of the police. The more positive a citizen’s recent experience with the police, the more positive the citizen’s over-all assessment of the police. However, previously held views of police do not change easily and themselves tend to influence how citizens interpret their own experiences with the police. The vast majority of the American public has not had a face-to-face contact with a police officer in the previous twelve months, so it will be difficult for police to make large improvements in their over all public image by the direct contact they have with the public. Large portions of the American public report using the mass media as their primary source of information about crime, and these stories are the context for most mass media accounts of police work. News and entertainment  media portray police and police work in a highly distorted fashion. The recent trend toward â€Å"tabloid-style† journalism – even in mainstream media – appears to reduce public confidence and trust in the police. Between the 1980s and mid-1990s, increasing numbers of the American public gave police protection in their area a positive assessment. Neighborhood residents hold both police and residents responsible for controlling crime in the neighborhood. At the end of the 20th century, substantial majorities of the American public expressed positive views of how police treat the public. Police ranked highest in being helpful and friendly and lowest in treating people fairly. The public image of honesty and ethical standards of police has improved substantially from 1997 to 2000. The majority of the American public does not perceive police brutality in their area, but from the mid-1960s to the end of the 20th century the percentage who do perceive brutality has increased approximately threefold, accounting for a third of the public. This increase may be due at least in part to the public’s changing standards of what constitutes brutality. The public has become less accepting of police use of force during this time period. Across nearly all indicators of the public image of the police, racial minorities consistently show lower assessments of police than do whites. These race effects appear to be particularly enduring for citizens’ assessments of police fairness and use of force. The over-all legitimacy of the police depends much more on citizens’ perceptions of how the police treat them than on their perceptions of police success in reducing crime. Public confidence in and support for the police depends more on citizens’ perceptions of police officers’ motives than whether the outcome was personally favorable to the citizen. The public’s perceptions of how police treat them appear to affect their willingness to obey the law and obey the police. Negative publicity about the police in one city that receives high visibility around the nation may have a nation-wide impact on the public’s view of the police, but the effect appears to be modest and not enduring. When the public perceives major threats to the nation’s security, the overwhelming majority appear willing to give additional powers to the police that invade privacy and restrict liberty, but substantial portions of the public are also concerned about the possibility of police abuses of these powers. Community policing may have some modest, long-term positive influence on citizens’ satisfaction with  police, but it is unlikely to produce a â€Å"quick fix.† The following represents a distillation of the major findings of this study. Between the 1980s and mid-1990s, increasing numbers of the American public gave police protection in their area a positive assessment. Neighborhood residents hold both police and residents responsible for controlling crime in the neighborhood. At the end of the 20th century, substantial majorities of the American public expressed positive views of how police treat the public. Police ranked highest in being helpful and friendly and lowest in treating people fairly. The public image of honesty and ethical standards of police has fluctuated over the years but has improved substantially from 1977 to 2000. At the end of the 20th century, a majority of the American public perceives racial profiling to be a widespread practice and a problem. The majority of the American public does not perceive police brutality in their area, but from the mid-1960s to the end of the 20th century the percentage who do perceive brutality has increased approximately threefold, accounting now for a third of the public. This increase may be due at least in part to the public’s changing standards of what constitutes brutality. The public has become less accepting of police use of force during this time period. Across nearly all indicators of the public image of the police, racial minorities consistently show lower assessments of police than do whites. These race effects appear to be particularly enduring for citizens’ assessments of police fairness and use of force. The over-all legitimacy of the police depends much more on citizens’ perceptions of how the police treat them than on their perceptions of police success in reducing crime. Public confidence in and support for the police depends more on citizens’ perceptions of police officers’ motives than whether the outcome was personally favorable to the citizen. The public’s perceptions of how police treat them appear to affect their willingness to obey the law and obey the police. Negative publicity about the police in one city that receives high visibility around the nation may have a nation-wide impact on the public’s view of the police, but the effect appears to be modest and not enduring. When the public perceives major threats to the nation’s security, the overwhelming majority appear willing to give additional powers to the police that invade privacy and restrict liberty, but substantial portions of the public are also concerned about the possibility of police abuses of these  powers. Community policing may have some modest, long-term positive influence on citizens’ satisfaction with police, but it is unlikely to produce a â€Å"quick fix.† The following summarizes the major limitations of the available research and lists recommendations for future research. Different measures of the public’s image of the police can produce radically different results. Research is needed to identify the best survey items to accomplish specific research and evaluation purposes. Doing this will provide more valid and reliable measures for learning what the public image of the police is and what influences that image. Very little is known about the relative importance of various sources of information on the police’s public image. Research is needed to learn how much influence is exerted by the public’s personal experiences with the police, what they learn second-hand from friends and acquaintances, and what they learn from the mass media. Knowing how much and in what ways each of these sources influence public opinion about the police will help police develop more effective strategies for improving the public’s evaluations of and support for the police. Very little is known about the influence of nationally publicized events on the police image. Knowing how both negative and positive publicity in one community affects the public’s image of police in other communities will help police leaders learn how to deal more effectively with the consequences of those events in their local communities. Very little is known about how much variation there is in levels of citizen satisfaction with the police from community to community, and even less is known about what types of communities and police agencies show the highest and lowest levels of satisfaction. Research on this topic will help to validate what most effectively enhances the police image. Given the tremendous diversity of communities and police agencies, the research must distinguish what works in different kinds of communities. Virtually all of the survey research on the police image has concentrated on relatively large urban jurisdictions. Very little is known about contextual influences on patterns of public opinion about the police. Patterns may be different when crime is high compared to when crime is low, when there are strongly perceived threats to national security and when there are not. Very little is known about the relationship between objective and subjective indicators of police performance. When the crime rate is going up or down does the public credit the police with this  effect? Because police tend to rely heavily on objective measures of performance in dealing with crime and solving problems, it is important to know whether success or failure objectively measured translates into public credit and accountability when measured subjectively through public opinion surveys. Little is known about the implications of public opinion for public behavior that is of concern to police. Are there thresholds of public satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a community that indicate a considerably increased likelihood of citizen support or resistance to the police? What are the consequences of shifts in the police image for the tenure of police leadership? Answers to these questions will help police leaders use poll results to predict short and long-term trends in citizens’ behaviors that are important to police. The report concludes with a proposal for IACP to take a lead role in developing a data collection system that would enable its membership to track its progress in improving the police image and make it possible for researchers to answer the research questions listed above. The working name for this program is the Uniform Public Opinion Poll on Policing (UPOPP). The UPOPP system would be a voluntary program that would provide survey research planning to participating agencies. Those agencies would agree to conduct an annual public opinion survey in their jurisdictions. In addition to a common set of survey questions for all agencies, these surveys could also include questions crafted to suit the special needs of that department and the community it serves. Data would be archived by a research organization selected by IACP. In addition to providing advice on the design and implementation of the annual survey, the research organization would analyze the archived data, issuing an annual report on the state of the public image of police. The following sections of the executive summary provide a more detailed description of findings and recommendations. Findings are divided into major sections on the general image of the police, perceptions of the outcomes of policing, perceptions of policing processes, and improving the public perception of the police. This is followed by a discussion that places the findings in perspective. The executive summary concludes with a discussion of priority issues for future research and an agenda for data collection.

Death is a fate Essays

Death is a fate Essays Death is a fate Essay Death is a fate Essay Death is a fate. You cant change or alter it. But the views of the two poets John Donne and James Shirley are completely opposite. James Shirley believes that death is the end and is finality. His works are similar to that of the poet Francis Beaumont. These two men conclude that death is the ultimate stage of mortality. Yet the writer John Donne believes that when he dies, he will be taken to a better place, which is heaven. This is called reincarnation. The poet Dylan Thomas agrees with Donne and both poets share a similar view. Their mode of thought is reflected throughout their poetry.The poet John Donne lived from 1573-1631. Maybe the views on death in his poetry resonated from he death of his wife while giving birth to his stillborn baby. The death of Anne Moore gave him the insight that there would be an extra eternal life in Elysium, heaven, to reward her. Even though being brought up as a Catholic he changed and converted to the Anglican faith in the year 1598. It was after his marriage that he decides to become and Anglican priest. This occurrence in his life happened in the year 1615. The morality and belief of his religion is the most likely explanation for his view on existence, death and posterity. Obsessed with the idea of death, Donne had a portrait painted of himself dressed in his burial shroud, a memento mori (reminder of death), which he had placed so he could see it as he lay on his deathbed.A poet whose viewpoint that death is not omnipotent is John Donne you can see this in his poem Death. The central theme of the poem is discussing death and its all-powerful qualities, or more likely death has no omnipotent attribute.The predominant emotion that the poem expresses is that of anger. Also the concept of sadness protrudes. This sadness is almost like sympathy. When he says,DEATH, be not proud, though some have called thee.There is an indication of audacity and courage in the way he speaks with loud out bursts, short sentences and the language he uses.John Donne is personifying death through out the whole poem. Donne is literally scolding death to his face. Death, be not proud.He is standing up to death. He knows through his religion and other aspects of belief that dying is not the end. Death is not as daunting as made out to be. He takes the viewpoint that he will be reincarnated in heaven after death.Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so.When rebuking death Donne is saying that how little power death actually has. When he saysDie not, poor death; nor yet canst thouKill me.Donne here is saying that death, you cant kill me. The people you kill have not died. In other words Donne is saying that even if someone is victim to death his or her works and memories will still live on. Death is an instrument. There is no need to be fearful of it. Death only exists in our world because of the people and the evil and pernicious poisons and weapons they make.Thourt slave to fate, chance, kings and despe rate menAnd dost with poison, war and sickness dwell.Chance and fate play role in the killing of people, not just the desperate men and kings. It takes a king to call an execution and a desperate man to raise a knife. So Donne unlike the other poet James Shirley believes that death will come by chance and not necessarily when he chooses.Another difference is the belief in heaven and another, better eternal world. One short sleep past we wake eternally,And death shall be no more: Death, thou shalt die!When saying a short sleep past Donne means that he will sleep for a short period. This is a minute amount for the vast time in heaven. Death shall not exist in heaven; he shall die because no deaths can be taken. At the end like a judge condemning a prisoner he bravely and boldly he sentences death to die.The other poet with an opposite view of the corresponding topic is James Shirley an English dramatist and poet, born in London. He lived from 1596-1666. After attending the Merchant Ta ilors School and then Cambridge. He was brought up as an Anglican but he was then converted to Roman Catholicism and abandoned what might have been a career in the church for school teaching at St. Albans Grammar School. In 1624 however, he gave up his head-master position, and took up his residence at Grays Inn, London, although there is no evidence that he ever actually became a lawyer. You can see his ideas toward death in the poem Death the leveller.The main thesis of the poem is on death and the end of all consciousness. It gives a message that death is all-powerful. It doesnt matter who you are what rank or position you hold death; sooner or later death is going to claim you.The initial emotion the poem expresses, is that of desperation and hopelessness. It makes you feel weak and timid against deaths all-powerful features. This very unlike John Donne, who stands up to death and gives you a feeling of confidence. Death, be not proud.AndMighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. The choice of words and the things Donne says, give you confidence and the feeling that death is inferior to you. But then Shirley further states;There is no armour against fate.At the beginning he launches straight into this point. Shirley is saying that death is fate and you can not prevent it from happening.Death lay his icy hand on kings:Sceptre and CrownMust tumble down,And in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked scythe and spade.The end of this verse is basically saying that even if a king in all his might and splendour has to die, then let it be. All his riches the Sceptre, Crown and other prosperity will be diminished to the dust. He and his belongings are worth no more. They have been made equal to the poor crooked scythe and spade.Early or lateThey stoop to fate,And must give up there murmuring breath.So in other words your age and youth does not matter to death. If you are to die and rot, death will take you.In the poem he is making you understand that death will b e the mighty one who will decide your fate.Then boast no more your mighty deeds!Upon deaths purple altar now.There is no point flaunting before death. It is all to be forgotten. I think the reason of the purple altar was to signify deaths importance. Purple in the 15th century was expensive and rare making it the colour of royalty.Your heads must comeTo the cold tomb:Only the actions of the justSmell sweet and blossom in their dust.At the end the message is that who ever you are, you are finally going to die and must be buried in a tomb where your soul will not live on. People who have made impressions during their life for the good of men will at least be remembered for good, even while dead.When comparing these two poets there are definite and bold differences. John Donne the more religious of the two completing becoming a priest, shows a much more biblical and moral approach, whereas James Shirley takes his view of no after life and makes death seem a tyrant and an oppressor. Don nes biblical belief is recognised in his language and views. Shirley was introduced and brought up in two Christian faiths yet fails to show any sign of belief in death being a beginning of a new life.

The Transition from Song to Yuan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Transition from Song to Yuan - Essay Example This was a crucial Chinese era which saw was impacted by many artists including Xu Xi. His Snow Bamboo painting is a notable representation of his creativity. The Snow Bamboo painting by Xu Xi (lived in the early Song period) has been described as being â€Å"worth more than 500 pieces of gold† by historians keen on the Song era. Painted on silk using grey ink, the painter manifested marvelous insight and deep sense of realism. The brushwork (bifa) is massively compliant of descriptive detail achieving magical results. One can hardly believe that this is the creation of human hands. Xu Xi presents the painting using a reserve skill where the bamboo plants are lightened against a dark background. This technique is then reversed in some parts of the painting where the bamboo leaves and stalks are darkened on a lightened silk. This technique went on to define the Song period and many artists â€Å"return† and creatively present their contemporary work using the reserve-rev erse method. Xu Xi creatively switches between the two methods unnoticeably and carefully draws attention away. Suggestions have been proposed that he used wax-resist method to achieve this feat. However, even the wax-resist skill cannot even reach the high standard portrayed by the painting above. The details that Xu Xi technique achieves are extraordinary. The light and dark effect illuminates an incredible measure of realism. The admirer is left engrossed on the subject depicted on the picture, subconsciously drifting away from the artist’s hand.